smug  自满的，自鸣得意的，沾沽自喜的(含贬义)  Peter was wearing an unbearably smug expression and waving the tickets in front of me. 
spoil  毁掉;糟蹋;破坏  They had an entire week, so there was no need to rush into a conversation that might spoil everything. 
mediocre  不太好的  Tourists crowd the gift shops along the street to buy mediocre products at high prices. 
commencement  （大学或高中的）毕业典礼  The high school commencement speaker was giving a rather inspiring address. 
commencement  开始；开端  Would passengers please turn off their mobile phones before the commencement of the flight? 
forgiving  宽容的;宽大的  The public was more forgiving of the president's mistakes than the press and fellow politicians. 
formulate  仔细思考并明确表达   She has lots of good ideas, but she has difficulty in formulate (ing) them in front of investors. 
formulate  规划;制定;准备  The city government is currently formulate (ing) policies on road expansion to solve traffic problems. 
exterminator  职业的消灭害虫者  Can you believe that nearly one hundred millionrats are killed each year by pest exterminator (s)? 
preparatory  预备的;准备的  Months of preparatory work needs to be done before construction work can really begin. 
supposedly  据说;据称;一般相信;一般看来  He was supposedly delivering some papers to her but l think it was just an excuse to see her. 
verbatim  逐字的(地);一字不差的(地)  The president's speeches are regularly reproduced verbatim in the state-run newspapers. 
co-worker  同事;同僚   The manual explains what to do if a co-worker is injured and in need of medical attention. 
contemplate  深思;细想  As he lay in his hospital bed that night, he cried as he contemplate (d) his future. 
contemplate  打算;想;考虑  Many years ago he had contemplate (d) writing abook about his childhood. 
visualize  设想:想象   An architect can look at a drawing and visualize a three-dimensional shape. 
slipshod  马虎的，随便的，草率的(含贬义)  She complained that the research project was delayed mainly due to slipshod management. 
proceed  继续进行;继续做  The discussions between the two firms are proceeding slowly but satisfactorily. 
industrial  工业的;产业工人的  Reports showed industrial production rose 1.3 percent in November from the month before. 
grumpy  脾气坏的;易怒的  I have not had enough sleep lately and l am feeling kind of grumpy . 
frantic  紧张忙乱的;手忙脚乱的  People were frantic, trying to call relatives after the earthquake. 
frantically  手忙脚乱地  l've been working frantically all week to get theterm paper finished before the deadline. 
tolerate  容忍;宽容  According to the spokesperson, the government is not prepared to tolerate the situation any longer. 
tolerate  忍受;忍耐  For years the workers have had to tolerate low wages and terrible working conditions. 
tolerant  宽容的:容忍的  My friends are more tolerant , more willing to accept me for what l am. 
audible  听得见的  His voice was barely audible above the noise ofthe crowd. 
conventional  依照传统的;符合习俗的  It's not a hotel, in the conventional sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel. 
parlous  状况极坏的;非常危险的  Relations between the two countries have been a parlous state for some time. 
pretense  假装;作假;做作  Now that the pretense was over, he could tell them what he really thought. 
adequate  足够的;充分的;合乎需要的   The lunchtime menu is more than adequate to satisfy the biggest appetite. 
garrulous  (指对琐事)喋喋不休的，饶舌的  l had talked too much about myself and felt like a garrulous old fool. 
unimaginative  无创意的;缺乏想象力的  He simply couldn't understand why she thought him to be a stiff and unimaginative person. 
slum  (城市中的贫民窟，贫民区   My friend Bobby lives with his three sisters in a slum near the city center but he doesn't lose faith in life. 
shrug  耸(肩)(以示怀疑与己无关、不知道等)   He shrugged his shoulders as if to say that there was nothing he could do about it. 
enthusiasm  热心;热情   One of the good things about teaching young children is that their enthusiasm never lets you down. 
spill  透露  The police officer refused to spill the witness' private information to the reporters to protect her security. 
spill  (使)溢出;泼出  Let's see if we could pour the juice through the narrow opening of the bottle without spill (ing) it. 
headquarters  总部:总公司:总小事处  There are now 400 staff at headquarters , servicing our regional and overseas work. 
unwind  (卷绕物)解绕；展开  She unwind (ed) her scarf after entering the house and hung it on the rack in the corner. 
intern  做实习医生(或实习生)  l intern (ed) at a clinic during the first summer vacation after l graduated from high school. 
intern  实习医生   She refused to be treated by an intern and demanded to see a qualified doctor. 
intern  实习生   John once worked as an intern for a private detective to satisfy his curiosity. 
opponent  反对者  Leading opponents of the proposed increase in defense spending will meet later today. 
surgical  外科的;外科手术(用)的  Most people who ultimately turn to a surgical solution have tried everything else. 
amplify  增强   You might practice gratitude, which is necessary to empower your mind and amplify your power of attraction. 
drastically  激烈地;大幅度地  Our communication has changed drastically in the past decade owing to information technology. 
investigation  调查  An investigation has been launched into the potential impact of the oil spill on marine life around the island. 
albeit  虽然;尽管  Charles' letters were published against all odds, albeit in a somewhat abbreviated(缩写的) form.  
parody  (文章、音乐等的)滑稽模仿作品  Some stories from the TV series released by the local newspaper yesterday read like a parody. 
cubicle  小隔间  The rules of cubicle etiquette exist in order to make the workplace a harmonious place. 
barrier  分界线；屏障；隔阂  There was no real barrier between reality and fantasy in his mind. 
barrier   障碍;阻力关卡  Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success. 
reputable  有声望的;信誉佳的   lf you have a fire alarm fitted, make sure it is done by a reputable company. 
legitimate  合理的;正当的  He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense and should be covered by the company. 
legitimate  合法的  The international community urged the army of the country to give power back to the legitimate government. 
merit  (学校对学业或表现优异学生的评分)优，优秀  Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area. 
merit  长处;优点  Tonights meeting will weigh up the relative merit (s) of the two candidates. 
hierarchy  等级制度  She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become a member of the top management. 
specialty  医学专科;专外科  Emergency medicine is one of the most important specialty (s). 
specialty  专业;专长  In a job interview, it is advisable to talk about your specialty or key strengths that are relevant to the company's needs.  
misdirection  误导  The qlobal debate on bank capital has been characterized by rumor and misdirection. 
dreaded  可怕的;令人忧虑的(常为幽默用法)  For decades in American households the most dreaded morning sound was that of an alarm clock. 
cafeteria  自助餐馆;自助食堂  Even if you do not buy your food in the cafeteria you can use the tables to have meetings or to study. 
recast  重塑；重组  She recast her novel as a musical camedy which turned out to be a greater hit than the original work. 
popularize  宣传;推广  The musician collected and popularize (d) many songs written by other musicians. 
reinvent  彻底改造;重新创造  lt's wonderful, because this fresh start gives us chance to reinvent our lives and ourselves. 
workaholism  醉心工作;迷恋工作  lt is a danger of workaholism that one may risk getting their identity caught up in the work. 
allegation  （尤指无证据的）宣称，指控  He made allegations of corruption against the administration. 
depressing  令人沮丧的；让人忧愁的  There was another side to the story just as dramatic, but not so depressing. 
absurdity  荒谬;荒唐   Duncan shook his head and laughed at the absurdity of the situation. 
mortgage  抵押贷款  Since she was having trouble meeting her mortgage payments, she was considering selling her apartment. 
start-up  (尤指从事计算机工作或因特网的小型的)新兴公司、新创办企业   For now the bright spots in the labor market are small businesses and high-tech start-up (s). 
tweet  (使用推特社交网络)发送(信息)  Today you can tweet your messages out to the world with a mere click of the mouse. 
flatten  (使)变平;(使)变得更平  Martin flattened out a napkin and started to perform a magic trick which immediately engaged the kids. 
integration  结合;整合  His music is an integration of tradition and new technology. 
trade-off  (对立事物之间的)平衡，妥协，协调   There has to be a trade-off between qualty and quantity if we want to keep prices low. 
incentive  刺激;动力;鼓励  There is little incentive for people to leave thei cars at home when public transport remains so expensive. 
gratifying  令人高兴的;令人满意的  lt must be very gratifying to see all your children grown-up and happy. 
venture  风险项目;风险投资;冒险事业  Another idea that has attracted venture capitalists' interest is online learning. 
equivalent  同等物:等价物;对应物  ls there a french word that is the exact equivalent of the English word "home"? 
entail  使必要;需要   The job of a dance teacher entails teaching students the technique and performance of dance movements. 
collective  集体的;共同的;共有的  l think it's our collective responsibility to create an environment for future generations to be even more successful. 
pioneering  开创性的;先驱的;探索性的  Cowley's pioneering development of modern emergency medicine helped save countless lives. 
socioeconomic  社会经济的  The age, education, and socioeconomic status of these young mothers led to less satisfactory children. 
painstaking  小心的；费尽心思的；精心的  lt is the kind of painstaking work that only someone who knows every inch of the ship could perform. 
implore  感求;乞求;哀求  lf you feel depressed for more than three weeks, I implore you to seek professional help. 
profitability  获利;盈利:利润  Competition between firms will continue to force those prices down, which will undermine the profitability of the industry. 
revolutionary  革命性的;突破性的;创新的  The 20th century brought about revolutionary changes in our lifestyles. 
compassionate  充满同情心的;怜悯的   The public's response to the crisis was generous and compassionate. 
holistic  整体(论)的;全面的  Policymakers need to take a long-term, holistic approach to the housing finance reform. 
legacy  (某人不再工作或去世后)留下的成果  Perhaps her most important legacy was her program of educational reform. 
imprint  强大而持久的影响  Gandhi was a tremendously brave man whose unique form of courage left a lasting imprint on India's history. 
imprint  印记;压痕  She could clearly see the imprint of her fingers on his pale wrist. 
prudence  明智谨慎:慎重;审慎   Businessmen are showing remarkable prudence in investing in the region. 
optimize  使最优化;使尽可能完善;使尽量有效  Doctors are concentrating on understanding the disease better and on optimize (ing) the treatment. 
capitalistic  资本主义的   In a capitalistic society, individuals with wealth and privilege have much of the power. 
outlook  (对生活和世界的)看法，观点，态度  You will become more mature as your outlook on life is influenced by the books that you read. 
flourishing  繁荣的;兴旺的;成功的  A stable and flourishing economy is essential for political stability and national security, and vice versa. 
allegory  寓言;讽刺  The book is a kind of allegory of Latin American history. 
propel  推动;推进;驱动   The rocket is attached to the spacecraft and is designed to propel it toward Mars. 
immense  巨大的;极大的  Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to elderly people living alone. 
equilibrium  平衡;均衡;均势  The point at which the solid and the liquid are in equilibrium is called the freezing point. 
momentous  关键的;重大的;重要的  . Whether or not to move overseas is a momentous decision for the family. 
cultivate  培养，养成(技能、态度或素质)  cultivate (ing) a positive mental attitude toward yourself can reap tremendous benefits. 
cultivate  耕;耕作  Near the coast, huge areas of land are given over to cultivate (ing) tomatoes. 
optimal  最佳的;最适宜的  They insist their business idea is optimal and will be wildly acceptable to customers. 
comprehend  理解，领悟(复杂或困难的事物)  In an effort to comprehend the principles of investment of any sort, you have to know the ways determine the retum on investment. 
inquiry  查询;探究;探索   On further inquiry, it emerged that Malcolm had not been involved in the incident. 
inquiry  调查;查究;查问  An inquiry will be held to discover why the local school's educational record is so bad. 
necessitate  使成为必需;需要  Sales have dropped dramaticaly, necessitate (ing) big cuts in production and employment. 
frontier  未完全开拓的领域;新领域  The study of the brain is often described by scientists as the next intellectual frontier. 
frontier  国界;边境  Many of the cars crossing the frontier were stopped and searched for illegal gaods. 
handful  少数人或物  The new book is by a man who's already written a handful of best-sellers, most of them about space exploration. 
handful   一把(的量)   The boy picked up a handful of stones and started throwing them at us, which made us annoyed. 
strip   剥去，除去(表面的东西)  I think we should strip the old paint off and see what the wood is like underneath. 
strip  (陆地、海城等)狭长地带;带状水城   The islands are separated by a narrow strip of water. 
requirement  必要条件;必备的条件  Success in the examination did not secure by itself a postgraduate position, but it was the mininnum requirement. 
requirement  所需的(或所要的)东西   The average daily food requirement is about 2,000 calories for women and 2,500 for men. 
exploration  勘探;勘查;探索  You can use this hut as a base for explorations into the mountains and forests around. 
exploration  探究;研究;探测  This chapter begins with a detailed exploration of the issue of gender discrimination among all age groups. 
terrestrial  地球的;地球上的  Technology gives us immense power over nature, and our decisions will affect all terrestrial life. 
geothermal  地热的;地温的   The ice sheet acts like a huge blanket that locks in the geothermal heat that comes naturally from in Earth. 
stabilize  (使)稳定，稳固  He suffered a second heart attack two days ago but his condition has now stabilized. 
penalty  因违反法律、规则或合约而受到的)惩罚,处罚  The contract includes heavy penalty (s) for those people who fail to complete the work on time. 
shield  保护;保卫,盾;盾牌   He wrapped himself in his heavy coat and sat in the corer where the bamboo leaves shielded him. 
membrane  (覆盖或连接身体某些部分的)膜；薄膜  Exposure to loud noise from fireworks can damage the delicate membrane in the ear. 
superficial  肤浅的;浅薄的;不深入的   Unfortunately l only had a very superficial knowledge of music. 
menace  危险的人或事物  Drivers like that are a menace. They shouldn't be allowed on the road. 
descent  下降;降落   The night turned cold and heavy rain began to fall during our descent from the mountain peak. 
spectator  (活动或体育比赛的)观看者，观众  The final baseball game which was held last Thursday attracted a crowd of over 50,000 spectators. 
agonizing  (尤因难以抉择或等待过久而)折磨人的  For two agonizing minutes the plane dived, shook, and finally landed safely at the airport. 
agonizing  十分痛苦的   It was said that a few months ago Mr. Lin died after suffering years of agonizing pain.  
skydiver  (延缓张伞的)特技跳伞运动员   As a skydiver falls, he accelerates downward, gaining speed with each second. 
preconception  事先形成的看法(想法);先入之见;成见  Try to go into the meeting without too many preconceptions about what the other group wants. 
exo-planet  系外行星  Astronomers say that this unique observing technique opens a new phase in the exploration of exo-planets. 
dangle  (使)悬垂;(使)吊着;(使)悬荡   We stood in the orchard(果园), where the apples were ripe and dangled just inches above ourheads. 
property  特性;性质;属性  For practical purposes the solar spectrum (光谱) is divided into regions with characteristic propertyies. 
property  所有物;资产;财产  Please take care of your own belongings. The hotel is not responsible for any loss or damage to guests' personal property. 
catastrophic  灾难性的;毁灭性的  The movie shows heroes risking their lives to save the Earth from a catastrophic collision with a comet(彗星). 
planetary  行星的   This means a huge step forward in understanding how planetary systems form and evolve. 
tilt  倾斜；倾侧  Since childhood, we have been learning the languages of the eyes, the hands and those subtle tilts of the head. 
exhale  呼出、吐出(肺中的空气、烟等);呼气  l changed my breathing pattern, inhaling and exhale (ing) heavily after each set of exercise. 
plausible  貌似有理的:似乎是真的  A more plausible explanation would seem to be that people are fed up with their routine life. 
decay  (放射性物质的)衰变;腐烂;朽烂  The study did not find any association between second hand smoke exposure and decay in permanent teeth. 
periodic  周期(性)的;定期的  Do a periodic review of your lecture notes and the relevant chapters in your textbooks. 
loosen  (使)放松;变松  He took a screwdriver(螺丝刀) from his pocket and began to loosen the screws on the bike. 
keenly  (观察)敏锐地  l looked at him keenly, he did not blink or even seem embarrassed by what he had just said. 
keenly  强烈地  Scientists are keenly interested in learning which substances make fruits and vegetables so healthful. 
fraction  一点;少量   Employees' salaries are just a fraction of the total cost of the project. 
doom  使注定(失败、死亡、毁灭等)  A rare star system has been found in our Milky Way galaxy but it is doomed to end in a massive explosion. 
mysterious  神秘的;陌生的  l decided to find out more about my mysterious new neighbor who lived on the top floor. 
mysterious  神秘的;奇怪的;不易理解的  The police are investigating the mysterious disappearance of a new-born baby at the hospital. 
probe  盘间;追问:探究   We have been probeing the reasons why the government has been so slow to react to the problem of climate change. 
conducive  有助于…的发生  Our ultimate qoal is to create a culture that is conducive to continual progress and learning. 
proverbial  俗话说的;常言道   There are some observers who make predictions all the time about economic recessions, the collapse of civil society, and the proverbial  "end of the world". 
habitable  适合居住的  We are constanthy looking for new habitable areas. 
aqueous  含水的；似水的 In chemistry an aqueous solutian or cream has water as its base. 
vent  (空气、气体、液体的)出口，进口，漏孔  Make sure that jars have tight lids and are kept away from sunlight and heating vents. 
inhabitant  居民;栖居的动物  According to the report, the city's first inhabitants arrived in the 16th century. 
wilderness  未开发的地区;荒野;荒凉之处  As we could see from the film, this place used tobe a vast wilderness of mountains, lakes, and forests. 
extraterrestrial  地球外的;宇宙的;外星的  Over the years, we've been conditioned to accept the possibility of extraterrestrial life through movies and reports about alien encounters. 
detection  觉察;发现;侦察;探测  There should be a more effective treatment for patients identifed through earty detection.  
formidable  令人敬畏的;可怕的  They had to overcome formidable obstacles during their journey. 
iteration  重复  Companies should focus on customer experiences and strive to improve those experiences through constant iteration. 
tangible  确凿的:明显的:实在的  These fragments provide tangible evidence for how the city has changed since the 1Sth century. 
curate  策划组织(展览表演、音乐会等)  Focused on artwork inspired by nature, this exhibition is curated by four high school student. 
distinctly  十分  She is planning to travel to distinctly different destinations in pursuit of happiness and vision, 
distinctly  清楚地;明显地  l distinctly remember asking him not to tell her about the new sales figures. 
intrinsic  本质的;内在的;固有的  The intrinsic value of a coin is the value of the metal it is made of. 
hostile  敌人的;敌方的  They wared us that the northern half of the island was controlled by hostile forces. 
hostile  怀有敌意的;敌对的;不好的  Rebecca was very hostile toward us and made it clear she didn't want our help. 
scattered  分散的:稀疏的   The higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community cannot be ignored. 
allure  诱惑;魅力;吸引力   There will always be “lost in translation" moments, but that's part of the allure of foreign travel.  
shimmy  一摇一摆地走(移动)  The performer shook, jumped and shimmy(ed) in perfect motion, spurring the crowd to rise in an emotional applause. 
connectedness  相互联系;社会关系  Human beings have a need for both independence and connectedness. 
precede  先于…(发生或出现)  lt would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an introduction. 
derive  源自;源于  This word is derived from Latin, meaning "water". 
derive  得到，获得(优势或愉快的感受)   Medically, we will derive great benefit from the application of this technique. 
sluggish  缓慢的;迟缓的;懒洋洋的  The company has been rather sluggish in responding to the rapid changes in technology. 
accountant  会计师;会计  People setting up business on their own really need to employ an accountant. 
diffusely  弥漫地;扩散地;漫射地  One weakness of the essay is that the information is given diffusely instead of in a certain section, thereby reducing the effective communication of ideas. 
cellular  由细胞组成的;细胞的   Researchers have been observing the course oithe disease at the cellular level. 
ephemeral  短暂的:只流行一时的  Many words appearing during that period were quite ephemeral and have passed into history. 
trigger  引发，激发(尤指一系列事件)  There must be specific events which triggered the aggressive displays in your dog. 
speculation  猜测;推测  There has been a great deal of speculation about what will happen after the president resigns. 
oblivious  不知道的;未察觉到的  He went on and on about how successful he was, oblivious to the fact that he had hurt her. 
immortality  永生;长存;永恒  Some people want to achieve immortality through their works. 
predictive  预测的:预言的;前瞻的  Newton's physical theories are a good example of how a scientific theory may be predictive as well as explanatory. 
recipient  接受者;领受者  l felt glad that l was a giver of pleasure, not merely a passive recipient. 
youthfully  年轻地;像年轻人地;具有年轻人特点地  Melania believes that dressing youthfully is about keeping up with trends. 
artistic  美术的;艺术的   According to a famous art critic, opinion about the artistic merit of his paintings has been mixed. 
artistic   艺术精湛的;有艺术才华的  His friends are all artistic - they're painters.musicians, dancers, and writers. 
eagerness  渴望   People were pushing each other out of the way in their eagerness to get to the front. 
conceptual  概念的  Some of us learn experientially, while others are more attracted to logical or conceptual learning. 
temporality  时效性;短暂性  He argues that temporality cannot be identified with ordinary clock time. 
implausibly  难以置信地;不可能真实地  He argued, somewhat implausibly, that the accident could not have been prevented. 
retrospective  (画家、演员、电影制作人等作品的)回顾展  We timed the release of the film to coincide with a big retrospective of Bosch's paintings at Rotterdam. 
auction  拍卖(会)  lf he did not come back in time, his whole property would be sold by auction. 
couture  昂贵时装的设计制作;昂贵时装   Around 25 designers will show their couture collections during the international fashion week. 
inescapable  不可避免的;不容忽视的  She didn't want to confront the inescapable fact that she would have to sell the house. 
perception  认识;观念;看法  There is a general public perception that social media can be addictive. 
conceive  构思，设想，想出(新的主意、计划等)  Scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s. 
conceive  想象;构想;设想  Language may be conceived of as a process which arises from social interaction. 
empathise  同情;有同感;产生共鸣  My mother died last year so l can really empathise with what he's going through. 
profusion  大量;丰富;充沛   lt is a delightful river with a profusion of wildflowers along its banks. 
nonexistent  不存在的   Her friends never missed a chance to tease her about her nonexistent relationship with Brandon. 
symbiotic  (人、组织或生物)互相依赖的，共生的  Do some viruses develop a symbiotic relationship with their host? 
interchange  (尤指观点或思想的)交流  What made the meeting exciting was the interchange of ideas from different disciplines. 
constraint  限制;束缚;约束  constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans. 
constrain  限制;束缚  Poor soil has constrained the level of crop production in this area. 
constrain  阻止;妨碍   Financial factors should not constrain doctors from prescribing the best treatment for patients. 
comprehension  理解(力)  lt's annoying that they don't have the least comprehension of what I'm trying to do.
formalise  使(计划、决定或想法)正式化;使定形;使具体化   Final arrangements for the takeover of the company have yet to be formalised. 
iconic  (尤指能代表某种观点或某一时代)非常出名的，受欢迎的  The Phantom of the Opera must be the most iconic Broadway musical ever, and it's for a good reason -- it's so incredible. 
considerably  很;非常;相当大(多)地  Housing conditions in this area have improved considerably over the past few years. 
complementary  互为补充的;互补的  The computer and the human mind have different but complementary abilities. 
artefact  人工制品，手工艺品(有史学价值的工具、武器等)  The museum is well-known for having many artefacts dating back to prehistoric times. 
interactive  (计算机程序、电视系统等)交互的，互动的  This is an interactive museum where children can actively manipulate the exhibits. 
clear-cut  明确的;易懂的  While there are a number of arguments in favor of school uniforms, the issue of whether or not they should be required is not a clear-cut matter. 
formula  配方  The formulas for these drinks are closely guarded secrets of the company. 
formula  公式;方程式;分子式   He developed a mathematical formula describind the distances of the planets from the Sun. 
autonomous  有自主能力的:自主的  lt is teachers'responsibility to help children become autonomous learners. 
autonomous  (地方或机构)自治的  Five provinces are to become autonomous regions in the new federal system of government. 
volition  出于自愿  To everyone's astonishment, Helena left the company of her own volition. 
contour  外形;轮廓  Maybe you can try this seat - it can be adjusted to fit the contours of your back. 
vintage  旧式的，老式的(但品质优良)  lt looks like a vintage cell phone of the last century and weighs about 13 ounces. 
vintage  (某特定年份酿制的葡萄酒)佳酿的,上等的，优质的   They served lobster, accompanied by a bottle of vintage champagne.  
acoustics  (房间的)传声效果音响效果  The auditorium has comfortable seating and modern acoustics. 
procedural  程序性的;手续上的   The business of the committee was delayed by procedural difficulties.  
contextual  与上下文有关的  Now we need to examine the role of contextual factors directly and in more detail. 
computational  使用计算机的   Students may pursue research in any aspect of computational linguistics based on their own interest. 
aesthetic  美学的  From an aesthetic point of view this piece of furniture is a nice design. 
criticism  (对书、电影、音乐等的)评论   Art criticism is about how we evaluate andinterpret art. 
criticism  批评;批判  My main criticism of the scheme is that it does nothing to help families on low incomes. 
avant-garde  (音乐、文学作品等)前卫的，先锋派的  His paintings are rather too avant-garde for mytaste. 
complement  补充:使相配;使完美  For the show, the museum is borrowing 20 paintings that complement its own collection. 
misinterpretation  误解  lt appears that this universally promoted idea was based on a misinterpretation of the test results 
prominent  重要的;著名的;卓越的;杰出的  He played a prominent role in promoting public health awareness in developing countries. 
elaborate  复杂的;详尽的;精心制作的   You need a plain blouse to go with that skirt -nothing too elaborate. 
slender  苗条的:修长的;纤细的   The dress is for my daughter who's about my height but more slender. 
inward  内心的;精神的  She watched his expression, saw the relaxation of his features, and breathed an inward sigh of relief. 
inward  向内的;向中心的  The car was not severely damaged - only the middle of the car door was bent inward. 
monstrous  极端错误的;道德败坏的;极不公正的  l'd like to make a complaint-- it's monstrous to charge that much for a hotel room. 
pomp  华典;盛典;盛况   She arrived at the airport without the pomp that usually accompanies important politicians. 
noxious  有害的;有毒的  Environmentalists warned that heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals. 
abandon  陷入(某种感情)   We are scared to abandon ourselves to our feelings in case we seem weak or out of control. 
abandon  抛弃;遗弃  He can never forgive his mother because she abandoned him when he was five years old. 
abandonment  放任;放纵   In some poetry, sensitivity, she suggests, "has led to a dangerous abandonment to sensation." 
terror  恐惧;惊恐  She shook with terror whenever she was about to fly in a plane by herself. 
rime  使…蒙上白霜  He does not brush away the frost that rimes his beard.
affict  折磨;使痛苦  I understand the burdens that affict your famlly, and I pledge to you my efforts to help overcome them. 
feverish  特别激动的;极度兴奋的  He will be attending next week's Grammy Awards in feverish anticipation. 
feverish    发烧的;发热的  You ought to be careful about this kind of feverish cold - it often kicks back. 
gaze  凝视;注视  She felt embarrassed under his steady gaze. 
piercing  尖锐的;刺耳的  Maggie let out a piercing scream as she saw the truck speeding toward her. 
piercing  敏锐的;有洞察力的  Cloudy and unfocused for a moment, his eyes quickly regained their normal piercing clarity. 
tender  温柔的;体贴入微的   He was a rebel, but a strong part of him was sensitive and tender, just as his sister. 
tender  (食物)软的，嫩的，易咀嚼的  Cook for a minimum of two hours, or until the meat is tender. 
cramp  限制，束缚(某人或某事物的发展)   Some people are worried that stricter anti-pollution laws may cramp economic growth. 
genial  友好的;善良的  He was a warm-hearted friend and genial host liked by everyone he met. 
behold  看;看见   He looked up and behold(ed) a stranger sitting across the table, smiling a secret smile. 
herald  预兆  lf this first opera of the season is a herald of what is to come, we can expect qreat things. 
illumination  (对某一主题的)阐明，理解  In that flash of illumination, he realized where he had gone wrong in his decision-making. 
illumination  光亮;照明  The only illumination came from a small window high in the opposite wall. 
gala  特别演出;欢庆活动;庆典  We ate dinner and watched the Spring Festival gala together on New Year's Eve. 
flake  小薄片  Toward the middle of the night, large flakes of snow began to fall swiftly. 
pulse   脉搏  The doctor said he was in danger -- his breathing was shallow and his pulse was weak. 
swarm  (人、动物等)成群地来回移动  Every day tourists swarm through the narrow streets of the old city. 
succession  一连串一系列(同类型的人或物)   l can't understand why after graduation he toola succession of low-paid jobs. 
dilate  (使)膨胀;(使)扩大  Red wine can help to dilate blood vessels. 
restore  使恢复;使回复  The government promises to restore the economy to its full strength by the end of the year. 
medicinal  有疗效的:有药效的  Her interest was rekindled when she saw herbs in everyday medicinal use there. 
hasten  赶紧做(或说)   l hastened to assure her that there was no danger of falling down from the bridge. 
hasten   加速;加紧  There are, in theory, many ways to hasten economic recovery after a financial crisis. 
forestall  预先阻止;在(他人)之前行动;先发制人  My mother tells me that to forestall is better than to amend and prevention is better than cure. 
importunity  强求  Unable to withstand my importunity, he would make out drafts for me to copy. 
bespeak  显示;表示   Her house, her clothes, her style of living, all bespeak an exceedingly good income. 
conspire  搞阴谋;密谋  The company is accused of conspire(ing) with three other local stores to fix prices. 
repress  忍住;克制  She could not repress a smile at this, but she answered only by nodding her head slighty. 
repression  (对感情的)抑制，压抑   He told her that emotional repression was preventing her from understanding her own behavior. 
sob  抽噎(声);啜泣(声);鸣咽(声)  After a while, she began to sob again, burying her face in the pillow. 
dewy  带露水的  The grass was dewy, the apples green, but already fragrant. 
dismiss  拒绝考虑;不理会  The government has dismissed criticism that the country's health policy is a mess. 
faintly  不清楚地;模糊地  When the piano fell silent, the sound of the traffic echoed faintly in the room. 
modulate  改变;调整  Teachers modulate the way they work in response to their students' needs. 
scent  气味;(尤指)香味  Flowers are chosen by customers for their scent as well as their look. 
mystic  神奇的;神秘的  He has undergone a profound mystic experience over the past two months. 
pierce  刺入;刺穿;刺破  The chef taught him to steam the corn until it can easily be pierced with a fork. 
wares  (一般不在商店内出售的)商品，货物   The major off-line brands aren't promoting their wares on the Internet as much as expected. 
spectacle  壮观的景象;奇观  Watching a lion chasing its prey is one of nature's most exciting spectacles. 
horizon  地平线   He backed away from the edge, looking all around at the fat horizon. 
diligence  勤奋:用功   We should cultivate the good habits of diligence and frugality(节俭). 
triumph  成功的满足感;胜利的喜悦之情   My father returned in triumph from the annual sales of the department store with a half-price TV. 
susceptibility  易受影响(或感染)的倾向;敏感性  One of the side effects of the drug is an increased susceptibility to infection. 
perpetual  长期的;永恒的   I thought her perpetual complaints were going to prove too much for me. 
vacant  茫然的;失神的  The maid's vacant expression was replaced momentarily by one of greedy expectation, shortly followed by disappointment. 
vacant  (座位、房间)空的，未被占用的  All three sets of houses are vacant, and she's making no attempt to rent them out. 
suspension  暂停;中止  Anyway, we have to admit that both sides are now working toward a suspension of hostility. 
partake  参加;参与  Retailers who partake in the campaign should place a sticker on their window. 
elusive  难找的:不常见到的  Who can tell me how to catch the elusive charm of the original version in translation? 
composedly  镇静地  lt is difficult to think composedly when you are being attacked by mosquitoes. 
crimson  深红色的;绯红色的  They walked past fields with huge sprays of crimson, yellow and purple flowers.  
triumph  胜利;成功;成就  lf confirmed by longer and larger clinical trials, this will rightly be hailed as a scientific triumph. 
riot  暴乱;骚乱  The police were able to take preventive action and avoid a possible riot. 
elixir  灵丹妙药;不老药   You fool, it's yet another health product claiming to be the elixir of youth. 
tint  浅色:淡色调   Green has many different shades and tints. 
attorney  律师  He decided to consult with an attorney about this particular case. 
alter  使变样;改变  This doesn't alter the fact that what you did was wrong. You'd better call him and apologize. 
corporeal  身体的;肉体的  And then there is our own body our own corporeal instrument, which we're awfully proud of. 
glory  壮丽:灿烂  lt will cost millions of pounds to restore the castle into its former glory. 
glory  荣誉;光荣  Walsham had his moment of glory when he won a 20 km race last week in London. 
conceal  隐瞒;掩盖   Why did you decide to conceal your true identity?  
procession  一连串的人(或物)  We've had an endless procession of new secretaries in the office since Amy left. 
deify  崇拜;把…神化;把…奉若神明  We are inclined to deify successful people, and inour time that certainly includes CEOs. 
yonder  在那边(的);在远处(的)  Now look yonder, just beyond the wooden post-- there's a white cottage under the hill. 
din  (持久的)嘈杂声，喧闹声  They waved their arms and shouted, trying to make themselves heard over the din of the crowd. 
exalted  兴高采烈的;得意洋洋的  We were absolutely exalted when we learned of your daughter's career success. 
exalted  显贵的;高贵的  Leith doubted that she would ever meet a man in such a highly exalted position. 
clasp  握紧;抱紧  She would often clasp her hands behind her head and muse when she could have a house of her own. 
patch  (与周围部分不同的)小片，小块  Belinda watched a patch of sunlight move slowly across the wall. 
kneel  跪着;跪下  She kneel(ed) on the floor and put more wood onthe fire so that the room would be warmer. 
ornament  装饰品;点缀品  l guessed he was the chief because he wore more gold ornaments than the others. 
exhaustion  筋疲力尽;疲惫不堪  Weak with exhaustion, the climbers were finally rescued by a helicopter after being trapped in heavy snow. 
shudder  战栗;颤抖  As she turned away from the house into the lane, she gave a shudder of relief. 
tumultuously  骚乱地;骚动地;混乱地;激动地  They gathered tumultuously around him and demanded to know how he had accomplished it. 
repose  安详:休息   The atmosphere in the hall is one of repose rather than excitement. 
transformation  彻底改观:变化过程  After three weeks, we noticed a total transformation in his behavior and attitude. 
confines  界限;范围  We can't really discuss feminism within the confines of such a short novel. 
punctual  按时的,准时的  She's always very punctual for appointments and because of this she is highly respected. 
shimmer  发微光;闪闪发亮  My thoughts shimmer with the shimmering leaves and my heart sings with the touch of this sunlight. 
descend  从…下来;下降   I heard his footsteps descending the stairs - he must have finished his work. 
mock  嘲弄;(通过模仿)取笑  The other children mocked the qirl's French accent, laughing behind their hands. 
mirage  幻境;海市蜃楼  She thought at first it must be the edge of an oasis, and then realized it was a mirage. 
unwittingly  不知不觉地;非故意地  Many parents unwittingly place their children indanger by not making sure they wear seat belts. 
haunt  缠扰:纠缠  The shame of being a bankrupt is likely to haunt Mr. Lucas for the rest of his life. 
haunt  (鬼魂)经常出没于  They say the prison is haunted by the ghosts ofthe men who died there. 
craft  诡计:手腕  He knew how to win by craft and diplomacy what he could not gain by force. 
craft  (传统)手(工)艺  lt's lucky that all kinds of traditional craft industries are preserved here. 
mute  缄默的;无声的  Marianna, the king's daughter, became mute after a shock. 
veiled  (威胁、攻击或警告)隐含的，不明言的  They launched a thinly veiled attack on his ability as a leader.  
enchantment  迷人;魅力  As the mountain path spirals up, the beauty of the scene fills each of us with enchantment. 
subtle  细微的:微妙的;难以察觉的  l sensed a subtle change in his attitude toward us. 
clutch  紧握;紧抓  The young man stood in the doorway, his invitation clutched tightly in his hand.  
needful  必要的;需要的  He could only think of how needful it was to take the train and get quietly away. 

